The primary evidence for this expansion is linguistic a great many of the languages which are spoken across sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other, suggesting the common cultural origin of their original speakers. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. How do you study history? Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. For example, one study found this to be the case in Bantu language speakers who are African Pygmies or are in Mozambique,[27] while another population genetic study found this to be the case in the Bantu language-speaking Lemba of Southern Africa. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. The Hutu are almost similar to the Tutsi who are also an ethnic majority in Rwanda. and There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. Before the expansion of Bantu-speaking farmers, Central, Southern, and Southeast Africa was populated by Pygmy foragers, Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers, Nilo-Saharan-speaking herders, and Cushitic-speaking pastoralists. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. This resulted in an attempt to systematically eliminate the large Christian Armenian minority. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? With death and destruction occurring on such a vast scale, the relatively minor plight of a fringe minority of Turkish Christians attracted very little attention. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. The migrants settled in three primary areas. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Millions? The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Zulu Warriors in full Battle Regalia Source: i.imgur.com. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. of the Congo rainforest at its periphery, for instance along the coasts of South Cameroon, Gabon, and Congo (11, 16, 19).A second event at 2,500 B.P. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Oliver and Mathew, op. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! The result was the decimation of the interior population of South Africa, and the ruination of the social and productive landscape. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. 21128. Your email address will not be published. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Required fields are marked *. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. False and dangerous equivalency. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. The Bantu people wielded significant influence and undoubtedly dominated every area they settled in. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. Factors that support claims of genocide include the confiscation not just of grain crops, that were needed to feed a growing industrial army, but also the confiscation of all foodstuffs, including livestock and domestic animals. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Proto-Bantu speakers, a linguistic branch of the Niger-Congo language family, were concentrated in the region between modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria in West Africa. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Others reached South Africa by 500CE and mixed with the native Khoisan-speaking people, contributing to the countrys vast diversity today. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. . The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. The Mfecane. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. This further reinforced a popular anti-West, anti-US movement in Cambodia, on the back of which, in April 1975, Pol Pot led the Khmer Rouge to victory. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. Some historians have referred to the expansion not as migration, but a process of colonization. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. 1 This article is based on a paper read at the Royal Society of Arts on 5 May 1966 and printed in that Society's Journal, CXIV (1966), 85269. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. View all Google Scholar citations Almost immediately, as British officials handed over, Hindus in India began attacking and killing Muslims, and in Pakistan, vice versa. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. . They likely resulted from denser population, which led to more specialised divisions of labour, including military power, while making outmigration more effortful. Linguistic, archeological and genetic evidence indicates that during the course of the Bantu expansion, "independent waves of migration of western African and East African Bantu-speakers into southern Africa occurred. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. At the same time, all and any aid was prevented from entering Ukraine, which virtually ensured famine, at least on some level. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. This response quickly escalated to orchestrated genocide, and was extended beyond the Herero to the neighboring Namaqua people, who were of Khoisan origin, and the San, or Bushmen as well. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. By Ellen Rubin. Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. In his Twitter profile he had academic historian but doesnt have a PhD. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. [29] The western branch, not necessarily linguistically distinct, according to Christopher Ehret, followed the coast and the major rivers of the Congo system southward, reaching central Angola by around 500BC. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). Roberts, A. D. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. That's a bold claim. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17].
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