The average inbreeding based on genetic analysis across 227 breeds was close to 25%, or the equivalent of sharing the same genetic material with a full sibling. The better the output, the more marketable the bull. & Rosenberg, N. A. Population-Genetic Influences on Genomic Estimates of the Inbreeding Coefficient: A Global Perspective. The DI is bounded between 0 and 1, with a zero-value indicating that everyone in the population has the same racial and ethnic . The abortion ratio was 46 abortions per 1,000 live births for married women and 394 abortions per 1,000 live births for unmarried women. The majority-minority approach is ambiguous, and it is further complicated by complex demographic and social realities. Every parameter in the development of these cattle will be measured, and their DNA is being analyzed and compared to the general population. These data will provide a snapshot of the racial and ethnic composition and diversity of the U.S. population as of April 1, 2020. But other changes could be problematic. Ceballos, F. C., Joshi, P. K., Clark, D. W., Ramsay, M. & Wilson, J. F. Runs of homozygosity: windows into population history and trait architecture. Article Protesters have called for Emerald Energy to help fix roads and invest in local institutions, including schools. Finally, a more straightforward mechanism, even though it is costly37, is to avoid relatives by geographically dispersing11,38,39. Unexpectedly, across populations, exogamy patterns correlated neither with the proportion of inbred individuals nor with their genetic diversity. Its been known to occur frequently in human communities due to customs such as cousin marriage and endogamy. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In five countries, more than 50 percent of all marriages are between people who are second cousins or closer, and in Burkina Faso, its estimated that two of every three marriages are consanguineous. The inbreeding caused the recessive gene to appear in both parents. For this measure, we similarly found significantly higher mean heterozygosities for Indo-Iranians than for Turko-Mongols (on average across autosomes, 0.71 versus 0.69, respectively; one-tailed MWU test p-value=0.029) (Fig. Article If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Clare Bycroft, Ceres Fernandez-Rozadilla, Simon Myers, Morten Mattingsdal, S. Sunna Ebenesersdttir, Eivind Hovig, Anshika Srivastava, Prajjval Pratap Singh, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Stefania Sarno, Rosalba Petrilli, Donata Luiselli, Vasili Pankratov, Francesco Montinaro, Mait Metspalu, Alexander G. Ioannidis, Javier Blanco-Portillo, Andrs Moreno-Estrada, Kenneth K. Kidd, Baigalmaa Evsanaa, Andrew J. Pakstis, Vincent Zvnigorosky, Sylvie Duchesne, Christine Keyser, Perle Guarino-Vignon, Nina Marchi, Cline Bon, Scientific Reports First cousins have an inbreeding coefficient of 0.0625. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Headquarters: 185 Berry St., Suite 2000, San Francisco, CA 94107 | Phone 650-854-9400 Washington Offices and Barbara Jordan Conference Center: 1330 G Street . Sex-specific genetic diversity is shaped by cultural factors in Inner Asian human populations. The following groups are used in the diversity calculations: The recent blog Improvements to the 2020 Census Hispanic Origin and Race Questions and Coding Procedures describes how we code write-in responses into these standard categories. Figure 2, the second hypothetical example, shows a population with four equally sized groups where the DI is 75%. . Surprisingly, in our dataset, the exogamy rate per population (defined with a limit of 4 to 50km) is significantly correlated neither with the percentage of closely inbred individuals nor with the proportion of first-cousins descendants (Spearmans correlation test p-value>0.1 for all populations, only Turko-Mongols or only Indo-Iranians). Despite the fact that albinism is a global phenomenon, Tanzania has the largest population of albinos in the world. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Inbreeding in Thoroughbreds has increased significantly in the past 45 years, with the greatest rise occurring in the past 15 or so of them. There are many reasons why marriages between relatives are favored in some parts of the world. Marriage between cousins wasnt always prohibited in America. PLoS Genetics 10(117), e1004530 (2014). This study also found that from 1998 to 2008, the rate of inbreeding had . Thank you for visiting nature.com. The American Journal of Human Genetics 81, 559575 (2007). First, we showed that inbreeding resulting from matings between relatives that are at least second-cousins indeed occurs in Inner Asia: on average, 36% of the individuals are inbred. Only 14% of those currently in school had not graduated from high school. Genetic diversity (A)and inbreeding patterns(B,C) within populations. Adolescents aged 1819 years accounted for the majority (70.2%) of adolescent abortions and had the highest adolescent abortion rates (8.6 and 12.2 abortions per 1,000 adolescents aged 18 and 19 years, respectively). To find out whether the share has changed since then, I emailed Alan Bittles, a professor at the Centre for Human Genetics at Edith Cowan University, which, like you, is in Western Australia. We collected ethno-demographic data for 1,344 individuals in 16 populations from two Inner Asian cultural groups with contrasting dispersal behaviours (Turko-Mongols and Indo-Iranians) and genotyped genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in 503 individuals. The White population remained the largest race or ethnicity group in the United States, with 204.3 million people identifying as White alone. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. The chance that the two people come from different race and ethnic groups is increased, even though the size of each group is smaller than in the first example. Read the original article. First, to be able to compare with other studies from the literature43,57,58,59, we categorized ROHs based on classical thresholds: 5001,500kb for intermediate ROHs, versus > 1,500kb for long ROHs. They include Australia, where its estimated that 0.5 percent of all marriages are consanguineous. CAS In the early 50s, there were about 1,800 bulls represented in the population. And his descendants have been the dominant sire lines in Australia and Europe for the last 25 years.. For example, the diffusion score for the United States was 7.7% in 2010, as 7.7% of the population was not one of the three largest racial or ethnic groups. To test whether this result is restricted to Inner Asia, we analysed 11 worldwide populations from HapMap3 and found that they also have negative median values, except for the Gujarati Indians from Houston (GIH), who have a median of 1.6*106 (Supplementary Fig. We also calculated the autosomal haplotypic heterozygosity over low-recombination rated blocks for each population based on78 (see Supplementary Materials and Methods). Send it to@MonaChalabi or dearmona@fivethirtyeight.com. However, when using multiple linear regression models and ANOVAs taking into account various combinations of these significant variables, we never found the exogamy rate to be significantly correlated with the percentage of inbred individuals per population nor with the haplotypic heterozygosity (p-values>0.10). Marchi, N. et al. PubMed Scrucca, L., Fop, M., Murphy, T. B. Horse racing has been a sport for centuries. It is estimated that 1 in every 1400 people experience some kind of albinism in Tanzania, due in part to the country's long history of economic and political instability. However, under this hypothesis, we would expect inbreeding patterns to be similar between descendants of endogamous and intermediate exogamous couples, yet we observe a significant excess of mating choice inbreeding in the latter (4 to 40km apart). Shami, S. A., Schmitt, L. H. & Bittles, A. H. Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality of the populations of seven Pakistani Punjab cities. European Journal of Human Genetics 17, 673681 (2009). Figure 6 shows the second-most prevalent racial and ethnic group for each county. PLOS ONE 10(115), e0145111 (2015). The DI for this population indicates that there is a 50% chance that two people chosen at random will be from different race and ethnic groups. Cluster analysis of the genetic heterogeneity and disease distributions in purebred dog populations. Something needs to change, Hansen says. Today, the practice is highly stigmatized, partly because of health concerns about children born to first cousins. People with common ancestors in Appalachia and isolated communities are more likely to intermarry. Long contiguous stretches of homozygosity in the human genome. Sexual relations and cohabitation are only prohibited in nine states. & Raftery, A. E. mclust 5: Clustering, Classification and Density Estimation Using Gaussian Finite Mixture Models. & Rothuizen, J. While this allowed farmers to more efficiently evaluate animals across many key traits, the process also led to even higher rates of inbreeding. Altogether, 41.8% of women who had an abortion in 2019 had previously had at least one abortion. Geographical exogamy, by favouring matings between distant individuals, is thought to be an inbreeding avoidance mechanism; however, no data has clearly tested this prediction. It is a way of promoting white purity and stigmatizing blackness as something bad, inferior and polluted that should be relegated, be oppressed, suppressed and enslaved." Dr. Poussaint told the audience to be mindful of the psychological effects of racism. All rights reserved. Malcot, G. Les Mathmatiques de lHrdit. Incest is, The topic is a little sensitive and might need some extra explanation. Those laws might make some individuals reluctant to say they are in a consanguineous relationship and result in some undercounting of relationships. One family from Kentucky known for generations of inbreeding is the Fugate family. They are also likely to have already had an abortion, and to self-identify as Christian. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Discover world-changing science. Gnin, E. & Todorov, A. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. The lowest diffusion score was in West Virginia at 2.1%. Each year the U.S. Census Bureau revises their post-2010 and post-2020 estimates. In the 1990s, dairy farmers around the world started noticing calves being born with such serious vertebrae problems, they didnt survive outside the womb. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (2015). Science 348, 242245 (2015). The most inbred state in the United States is a simple question with an incredibly complicated answer. Moreover, the population effective population size, as approximated by haplotypic heterozygosity, was not correlated with the level of close inbreeding observed in the populations, based on the proportions of i) inbred individuals per population, ii) first-cousins descendants, and on iii) the population median F-Median (Spearmans correlation test p-values>0.2). However, because these groups have different demographic histories (see Supplementary Fig. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 38, 231253 (2007). As this result could only be due to differences in average exogamous proportions between groups, we also focused exclusively on exogamous couples (>4km) and found a tendency for larger distances for Turko-Mongol couples than for Indo-Iranians (60km and 42km, respectively, one-tailed MWU test p-value=0.023). The next highest diffusion score was for Alaska with 15.1%, followed by Oklahoma with 14.3%. The first-cousin marriages youre asking about are just one type of consanguineous relationship (thats pronounced kon-sang-gwin-ee-uh s in case you were struggling, as I was). This might come as a shock, especially if youre from Kentucky. New Phytologist 209, 1516 (2016). The grey line in (C) represents the homozygosity population baseline expected under panmixia. So is their lineage. First cousin marriage is when two people who are both cousins get married. Gao, Z., Waggoner, D., Stephens, M., Ober, C. & Przeworski, M. An Estimate of the Average Number of Recessive Lethal Mutations Carried by Humans. Fertility rates are affected by inbreeding, and already, Holstein fertility has dropped significantly. B.C., T.D., T.H., E.H., P.M. and L.S. A. A deep udder can touch the ground, making it much more prone to infection or other problems, so thats a change for the better. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Here, we used a dataset of 16 populations representing 11 different ethnic groups from both cultural groups and we quantified geographical exogamy rates and distances in each population. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) Brought to Virginia in 1730, he had already been a successful racehorse for many years in Britain. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. This trend has been growing in the US; its become routine for people who live in the South to marry their first cousins. A locked padlock The topic is a little sensitive and might need some extra explanation. Moreover, for each of the 503 genotyped individuals, we inferred, from a likelihood ratio test performed by FSuite, the most likely parental mating type, i.e., inbred mating between first or second cousins, or avunculars, or outbred mating (between less related individuals). By the 80s, it was clear inbreeding was increasing significantly. And if a new disease comes along, huge swaths of the cow population could be susceptible, since so many of them have the same genes. Not too long ago, there was another Y chromosome represented, that of Penstate Ivanhoe Star, born in the 1960s. As the end of Roe looks to be near and the pro-life cause is moving into a new phase, Christians need to be more prepared to argue and serve based on facts and the shifting demographic realities. Pfefferle, D., Kazem, A. J. N., Brockhausen, R. R., Ruiz-Lambides, A. V. & Widdig, A. Monkeys Spontaneously Discriminate Their Unfamiliar Paternal Kin under Natural Conditions Using Facial Cues. Overall, this research sheds light on mating choice preferences: we showed that two thirds of partners that have not dispersed did mate with unrelated individuals, and that drift and mating choice inbreeding is variable, even among close-by populations. Dechows team found two that werent related to Chief or Elevation, so they took those samples, got eggs from top-notch females, and created embryos to implant into surrogate Penn State heifers. Leutenegger, A.-L., Sahbatou, M., Gazal, S., Cann, H. & Gnin, E. Consanguinity around the world: what do the genomic data of the HGDP-CEPH diversity panel tell us? By Eric Jensen, senior technical expert for Demographic Analysis; Nicholas Jones, director and senior advisor for Race and Ethnicity Research and Outreach; Kimberly Orozco, demographic statistician; Lauren Medina, demographic statistician; Marc Perry, senior demographer; Ben Bolender, senior advisor; and Karen Battle, chief, Population Division, Improvements to the 2020 Census Race and Hispanic Origin Question Designs, Data Processing, and Coding Procedures, The Census Geocoder - Group Quarters Assistance, Measuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity for the 2020 Census, Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), Improvements to the 2020 Census Hispanic Origin and Race Questions and Coding Procedures, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI). If Holsteins were wild animals, that would put them in the category of critically endangered species. In other words, we could reach a point where were stuck where were at. As found for the current generation, Turko-Mongols parental couples have higher exogamy rates than those of Indo-Iranians (34% and 11%, respectively; one-tailed MWU test p-value=0.001) (Supplementary Fig. Nature 392, 491494 (1998). Fareed, M., Ahmad, M. K., Azeem Anwar, M. & Afzal, M. Impact of consanguineous marriages and degrees of inbreeding on fertility, child mortality, secondary sex ratio, selection intensity and genetic load: a cross-sectional study from Northern India. As inbreeding information is lacking for Inner Asia, our data complete the global picture of mating choice inbreeding prevalence. Oedipus complex; This is a Freudian term describing a childs sexual attraction to their parent. M.G. Thousands of years ago, the cheetah went through a population bottleneck that reduced its population dramatically so the animals that are alive today are all related to one another. More generally, it would be of great interest to elucidate the variability of mating choice among cultures by systematically investigating inbreeding, which is generally disregarded in human demographic studies75,76. The project was funded by theANR NUTGENEVOL (07-BLAN-0064); ANR Altrit culturelle (10-ESVS-0010); CNRS Programme international de collaboration scientifique. The Mendelian-based laws are a part of the criminal code, and the state law cannot modify them. Incest is illegal and is a criminal offense in most states except a few in the United States. The first written record of horse racing that has been found dates back to 664 B.C.E. Theyre also a little less docile than average. Wright, S. Isolation by distance under diverse systems of mating. Marriage (19) Later this month, the U.S. Census Bureau plans to release the first results from the 2020 Census on race and ethnicity. Human Heredity 77, 3748 (2014). The influence of consanguineous marriage on infant and child mortality among palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. : Tajikistan, AFG. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The United States has a long history of inbreeding, with about 250,000 of the population marrying a first cousin at some time in their family history. When closely related individuals mate, they produce inbred offspring, which often have lower fitness than outbred ones. Knowledge awaits. Comparing population structure as inferred from genealogical versus genetic information. The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The females havent fared much better. Interestingly, as seen in Fig. PubMed Central We converted the probabilities into percentages to make the results easier to interpret. B. This was only done in Turko-Mongols, as there were too few descendants from exogamous couples in Indo-Iranians. That required digging into the archives of theNational Animal Germplasm Programin Fort Collins, Colorado. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Westermarck, E. The history of human marriage. 3 Tips For Finding The Best Meal Replacement Online, Ultimate Guide On Dealing With Motorcycle Accident Claim, Top Factors To Consider When Buying Night Vision Goggles, Payroll Deductions: The Ultimate Guide For Business Owners, How To Wash Barefoot Dreams Blanket: A Step-By-Step Guide. Patterns of Admixture and Population Structure in Native Populations of Northwest North America. Inbreeding has a reputation for being negative and harmful, but the truth is that it doesnt always have adverse effects. Any elementary science student knows that genetic homogeneity isnt good in the long term. To correct for this ascertainment bias, we used another measure of population diversity which is less sensitive to ascertainment bias than site-by-site measures50,51: the averaged haplotypic heterozygosity computed for each autosome over low-recombination rate blocks. While inbreeding is fairly common in the animal . Conrad, D. F. et al. We further explored the correlation between exogamy and inbreeding at the individual scale, i.e., analysing the relationship between the mating choice inbreeding pattern of each individual and the geographical distance between his/her parents birth places. Spielman, D., Brook, B. W. & Briscoe, D. A. Leutenegger, A.-L. et al. We further verified these results when taking into account potential confounding factors such as the age and sex ratio within each population, various environmental variables (altitude, ecosystem), as well as lifestyle (urban/rural and sedentary/nomadic) (Supplementary Table1B). PubMed Central and S.L. To test whether these patterns depend on the cultural context, these questions should be addressed in other human populations, for example, Canadian populations71 or European isolates72 for whom genealogical detailed data and genomic data are already available. Most pre-copulatory behaviours involve kin recognition, which evolved both for avoidance and for cooperation25,26. 3). American Journal of Human Genetics 91, 275292 (2012). In 2017, a prize-winning cow named Selz-Pralle Aftershock 3918 cranked out78,170 pounds of milkmore than 200 pounds every single day. Biological Conservation 126, 131140 (2005). We also calculated the genomic excess of homozygosity60 relative to an expected baseline of homozygosity for each of the Inner Asian populations and for the 11 populations from the HapMap3 worldwide dataset using plink1.9 (see Supplementary Materials and Methods). A lack of genetic diversity is often associated with a decrease in the adaptive response of a population16 and can even lead to its extinction17,18. Close inbreeding and low genetic diversity in Inner Asian human populations despite geographical exogamy. The concept of composition refers to the racial and ethnic makeup of a population. UZB. Furthermore, based on the kinship estimated from the X chromosome, we could investigate if related partners belong to the same maternal line, as assumed for these patrilineal societies, which would be of great interest to understand matrimonial strategies. Its pretty much one big inbred family, saysLeslie B. Hansen, a Holstein expert and professor at the University of Minnesota. Science 215, 16391641 (1982). 1 and Supplementary Tables1A,B). b Black refers to people having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. How many people die crossing the US-Mexico border? This entry was filed under: American journal of human genetics 61, 70518 (1997). at 1 In particular, how the development of sedentary and/or agricultural societies may have influenced overall inbreeding levels, relative to those of hunter-gatherer communities, is unclear. Across populations, 39% of the individuals had positive inbreeding coefficients (from 10 to 90% of each population), with a similar average among Turko-Mongols and Indo-Iranians (39% and 38%, respectively, MWU test p-value=0.86). Inbreeding is more common in the following states: Washington, Oregon, Montana, South Dakota, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Maine. E.H., N.M., and L.S. Google Scholar. designed the study. To properly examine this hypothesis in the particular case of Turko-Mongols, further analyses and sampling are required. The Effect of Assortative Mating upon Genetic Association Studies: Spurious Associations and Population Substructure in the Absence of Admixture. For example, while some people classify individuals who identify with multiple population groups (such as Hispanic and White; White and Black or African American; and White and Asian) as part of the majority population, others classify them as part of the minority population. Written informed consent was obtained for all participants, and our sampling and analyses followed ethical principles approved by the Museum National dHistoire Naturelle (France), Ministry of Health (Altai Republic), Tuvan State University (Republic of Tuva), Khovd University (Mongolia) and Uzbek Academy of Sciences (Uzbekistan). Breeding pairs are chosen for their athletic prowess and competitive behavior, leading to strong selection for genes related to muscle performance and behavior Traits that all have to come together in the optimal fashion to produce an elite athlete.. The Hispanic population was the second-largest at 16.3%. Additionally, the chances of inheriting genetic disease significantly increase among children who are the result of inbreeding. Theyre a bit shorter than most Holsteins, and also heavier. None of the parents have avuncular relationships, but one case of double-first-cousins was inferred. Incest is illegal in most countries and considered morally wrong by most people. Overall, 235.4 million people reported White alone or in combination with another group. An official website of the United States government. For example, modern Holsteins are bred to be tall and thin, to the point of boniness. In the 1940s, they began to use artificial insemination. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Another result of our study is that the observed inbreeding levels in all Inner Asian populations deviate from the expectation under random mating, with each population being composed of less inbred offspring than expected by chance. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. http://szpiech.com/perform.html (2011). This article will discuss inbreeding, its effects on human genes, and so much more. Access demographic, economic and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Among these, we collected DNA from blood or saliva in 907 individuals. Therefore, not only are Turko-Mongol couples geographically more exogamous than Indo-Iranians but they are also composed of spouses born at slightly larger distances. Maybe Unlearn What We Know About 'Life' First, Science, Quickly - By Clara Moskowitz and Sarah Scoles, Genomic inbreeding trends, influential sire lines and selection in the global Thoroughbred horse population, Ancient Dogs Had Complex Genetic Histories. Knowledge awaits. Among the 42 areas that reported by marital status for 2019, 14.5% of women who obtained an abortion were married, and 85.5% were unmarried. Current Biology 25, 26312641 (2015). Slider with three articles shown per slide. A. asd computer program. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles This includes many different religions, which have been known to breed hate, intolerance, and incest because they are so close-minded. Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding. With the advent of modern transportation, people are less likely to marry someone they know well. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 162, 627640 (2017). They came into light because of their rare blue skin condition, which occurs when the related parents pass down recessive genes onto an offspring. From the 1860s, states began legislating on various aspects of marriage, including mental-capacity restrictions, statutory ages and anti-miscegenation laws. Inbreeding is common, specifically, in the eastern part of Kentucky, and the region is plagued by the stereotype that every family is an inbred family. parental generation). Genomic and genealogical investigation of the French Canadian founder population structure. The idea was to combine the half-century-old Y genetics with DNA from females who are among the finest examples of modern-day milk production. The geographical distances are plotted in log scale (km). For one thing, theyve been bred to have longer and wider udders, rather than deep ones. The inclusion of certain groups as part of the majority or minority has also become more complex and contested in recent decades, especially as many people may not identify with certain population groups even if that is how they are classified and tabulated per federal standards. In this group, researchers found common health issues such as decreased cognitive abilities and muscular function, reduced height and lung function, and a greater risk of contracting diseases in general. With all the time spent on marriage and inbreeding, its essential to find out what the law says. In fact, Dechowan associate professor of dairy cattle geneticsand others say there is so much genetic similarity among them, the effective population size is less than 50. Two cultural groups, which matrimonial systems are reported to differ, coexist in Inner Asia: Turko-Mongols are described as mainly exogamous while Indo-Iranians are thought to be mainly endogamous45. Extended tracts of homozygosity in outbred human populations. The statistics here cover a variety of topics, from 8th grade reading . They concluded that There is a great deal of stigma associated with cousin unions in the United States and Canada that has little biological basis.. We wish to thank W. Carpentier (Plate-forme Post-Gnomique de la Piti-Salptrire), B. Regnault and L. Leme (Institut Pasteur Genopole) for the genotyping processing; L. Berman for developing the code to compute geographical distances; A-L. Leutenegger and S. Gazal for precious help with FSuite; and F. Austerlitz, R. Chaix, R. Laurent, G. Ly, and P. Verdu for constructive discussions; and E. Verzele. But the Thoroughbred has no genomic selection or population management that is addressed at an industry-wide level., The study by Hill and her colleagues is in the journal Scientific Reports. Gazal, S., Sahbatou, M., Babron, M.-C., Gnin, E. & Leutenegger, A.-L. FSuite: exploiting inbreeding in dense SNP chip and exome data. We will use similar prevalence maps to highlight the racial and ethnic composition and diversity in the 2020 Census results. American journal of human genetics 32, 44552 (1980).
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